handler.lua

A Kong Gateway plugin allows you to inject custom logic in Lua at several entry-points in the life-cycle of a request/response or a TCP stream connection as it is proxied by Kong Gateway. To do so, the file kong.plugins.{plugin_name}.handler must return a table with one or more functions with predetermined names. Those functions will be invoked by Kong Gateway at different phases when it processes traffic.

All functions take self as the first parameter. Except for init_worker and configure, they can also accept a second parameter: a table with the plugin’s configuration. configure instead receives an array of all configurations for the plugin.

The following functions are used to implement plugin logic at various entry-points of Kong Gateway’s execution life-cycle:

All of those functions, except init_worker and configure, take one parameter which is given by Kong Gateway upon its invocation: the configuration of your plugin. This parameter is a Lua table, and contains values defined by your users, according to your plugin’s schema (described in the schema.lua module). The configure is called with an array of all the enabled plugin configurations for the particular plugin (or in case there is no active configurations to plugin, a nil is passed). init_worker and configure happens outside requests or frames, while the rest of the phases are bound to incoming request/frame.

Note that UDP streams don’t have real connections. Kong Gateway will consider all packets with the same origin and destination host and port as a single connection. After a configurable time without any packet, the connection is considered closed and the log function is executed.

Kong Gateway processes requests in phases. A plugin is a piece of code that gets activated by Kong Gateway as each phase is executed while the request gets proxied.

Phases are limited in what they can do. For example, the init_worker phase doesn’t have access to the config parameter because that information isn’t available when Kong Gateway is initializing each worker. On the other hand the configure function is passed with all the active configurations for the plugin (or nil if not configured).

A plugin’s handler.lua must return a table containing the functions it must execute on each phase.

Kong Gateway can process HTTP and stream traffic. Some phases are executed only when processing HTTP traffic, others when processing stream, and some (like init_worker and log) are invoked by both kinds of traffic.

In addition to functions, a plugin must define two fields:

• VERSION is an informative field, not used by Kong Gateway directly. It usually matches the version defined in a plugin’s Rockspec version, when it exists.
• PRIORITY is used to sort plugins before executing each of their phases. Plugins with a higher priority are executed first. See the plugin execution order section for more info about this field.

The following example handler.lua file defines custom functions for all the possible phases, in both http and stream traffic. It has no functionality besides writing a message to the log every time a phase is invoked. A plugin doesn’t need to provide functions for all phases.

local CustomHandler = {
  VERSION  = "1.0.0",
  PRIORITY = 10,
}

function CustomHandler:init_worker()
  -- Implement logic for the init_worker phase here (http/stream)
  kong.log("init_worker")
end

function CustomHandler:configure(configs)
  -- Implement logic for the configure phase here
  --(called whenever there is change to any of the plugins)
  kong.log("configure")
end

function CustomHandler:preread(config)
  -- Implement logic for the preread phase here (stream)
  kong.log("preread")
end

function CustomHandler:certificate(config)
  -- Implement logic for the certificate phase here (http/stream)
  kong.log("certificate")
end

function CustomHandler:rewrite(config)
  -- Implement logic for the rewrite phase here (http)
  kong.log("rewrite")
end

function CustomHandler:access(config)
  -- Implement logic for the access phase here (http)
  kong.log("access")
end

function CustomHandler:ws_handshake(config)
  -- Implement logic for the WebSocket handshake here
  kong.log("ws_handshake")
end

function CustomHandler:header_filter(config)
  -- Implement logic for the header_filter phase here (http)
  kong.log("header_filter")
end

function CustomHandler:ws_client_frame(config)
  -- Implement logic for WebSocket client messages here
  kong.log("ws_client_frame")
end

function CustomHandler:ws_upstream_frame(config)
  -- Implement logic for WebSocket upstream messages here
  kong.log("ws_upstream_frame")
end

function CustomHandler:body_filter(config)
  -- Implement logic for the body_filter phase here (http)
  kong.log("body_filter")
end

function CustomHandler:log(config)
  -- Implement logic for the log phase here (http/stream)
  kong.log("log")
end

function CustomHandler:ws_close(config)
  -- Implement logic for WebSocket post-connection here
  kong.log("ws_close")
end

-- return the created table, so that Kong can execute it
return CustomHandler

In the example above we are using Lua’s : shorthand syntax for functions taking self as a first parameter. An equivalent non-shorthand version of the access function would be:

function CustomHandler.access(self, config)
  -- Implement logic for the access phase here (http)
  kong.log("access")
end

The plugin’s logic doesn’t need to be all defined inside the handler.lua file. It can be split into several Lua files, also called modules. The handler.lua module can use require to include other modules in the plugin.

For example, the following plugin splits the functionality into three files. access.lua and body_filter.lua return functions. They are in the same folder as handler.lua, which requires and uses them to build the plugin:

-- handler.lua
local access = require "kong.plugins.my-custom-plugin.access"
local body_filter = require "kong.plugins.my-custom-plugin.body_filter"

local CustomHandler = {
  VERSION  = "1.0.0",
  PRIORITY = 10
}

CustomHandler.access = access
CustomHandler.body_filter = body_filter

return CustomHandler

-- access.lua
return function(self, config)
  kong.log("access phase")
end

-- body_filter.lua
return function(self, config)
  kong.log("body_filter phase")
end

See the source code of the Key-Auth Plugin for an example of a real-life handler code.

Migrating from the BasePlugin module

The BasePlugin module is deprecated and has been removed from Kong Gateway. If you have an old plugin that uses this module, replace the following section:

--  DEPRECATED --
local BasePlugin = require "kong.plugins.base_plugin"
local CustomHandler = BasePlugin:extend()
CustomHandler.VERSION  = "1.0.0"
CustomHandler.PRIORITY = 10

With the current equivalent:

local CustomHandler = {
  VERSION  = "1.0.0",
  PRIORITY = 10,
}

You don’t need to add a :new() method or call any of the CustomHandler.super.XXX:(self) methods.

Handler Functions

Requests to services with the ws or wss protocol take a different path through the proxy than regular HTTP requests. Therefore, there are some differences in behavior that must be accounted for when developing plugins for them.

The following handlers are not executed for WebSocket services:

• access
• response
• header_filter
• body_filter
• log

The following handlers are unique to WebSocket services:

• ws_handshake
• ws_client_frame
• ws_upstream_frame
• ws_close

The following handlers are executed for both WebSocket and non-Websocket services:

• init_worker
• configure
• certificate (TLS/SSL requests only)
• rewrite

Even with these differences, it’s possible to develop plugins that support both WebSocket and non-WebSocket services. For example:

-- handler.lua
--
-- I am a plugin that implements both WebSocket and non-WebSocket handlers.
--
-- I can be enabled for ws/wss services, http/https/grpc/grpcs services, or
-- even as global plugin.
local MultiProtoHandler = {
  VERSION = "0.1.0",
  PRIORITY = 1000,
}

function MultiProtoHandler:access()
  kong.ctx.plugin.request_type = "non-WebSocket"
end

function MultiProtoHandler:ws_handshake()
  kong.ctx.plugin.request_type = "WebSocket"
end


function MultiProtoHandler:log()
  kong.log("finishing ", kong.ctx.plugin.request_type, " request")
end

-- the `ws_close` handler for this plugin does not implement any WebSocket-specific
-- business logic, so it can simply be aliased to the `log` handler
MultiProtoHandler.ws_close = MultiProtoHandler.log

return MultiProtoHandler

As seen above, the log and ws_close handlers are parallel to each other. In many cases, one can be aliased to the other without having to write any additional code. The access and ws_handshake handlers are also very similar in this regard. The notable difference lies in which PDK functions are available in each context. For instance, the kong.request.get_body() PDK function cannot be used in an access handler because it is fundamentally incompatible with this kind of request.

WebSocket requests to non-WebSocket services

When WebSocket traffic is proxied via an HTTP/HTTPS service, it’s treated as a non-WebSocket request. Therefore, the HTTP handlers (access, header_filter, etc) will be executed and the WebSocket handlers (ws_handshake, ws_close, etc) will not.

Logic implemented in those phases will most likely have to interact with the request and response objects or core components (e.g. access the cache, and database). Kong Gateway provides a Plugin Development Kit (or “PDK”) for such purposes: a set of Lua functions and variables that can be used by plugins to execute various gateway operations in a way that is guaranteed to be forward-compatible with future releases of Kong Gateway.

When you are trying to implement some logic that needs to interact with Kong Gateway (e.g. retrieving request headers, producing a response from a plugin, logging some error or debug information), you should consult the Plugin Development Kit reference docs.

Some plugins might depend on the execution of others to perform some operations. For example, plugins relying on the identity of the consumer have to run after authentication plugins. Considering this, Kong Gateway defines priorities between plugins execution to ensure that order is respected.

Your plugin’s priority can be configured via a property accepting a number in the returned handler table:

CustomHandler.PRIORITY = 10

The higher the priority, the sooner your plugin’s phases will be executed in regard to other plugins’ phases (such as :access(), :log(), etc.).

All of the plugins bundled with Kong Gateway have a static priority. This can be adjusted dynamically using the ordering option. See Dynamic plugin ordering for more information.

The order of execution for the bundled plugins is: